![]() ![]() Sempreviva, “Spatial and temporal variability of winds in the Northern European Seas,” Renewable Energy, vol. Furthermore, it has an application to measure the pressure of the wind or any stream (current) of a gas. In short, anemometer measures velocity of the wind. Meteorological Tower(“Met Tower”) Available: Anemometer is a scientific device which is used not only to measure the speed of the flowing wind but also to know the direction of the moving wind. Wind Vanes and Weather Vanes, Available: Williams,"New Applications of Remote Sensing Technology for Offshore Wind Power," 2013. Surface waves are caused by wind and therefore can be used to determine wind speed and direction. Current approaches involve determining the wind speed over water by measuring the size and direction of waves. Satellite technologies are still in development. These sensors are potentially able take the place of met towers with individual instruments such as anemometers and weather vanes. The system measures the properties of the return signal to calculate the wind speed and direction. Water droplets, dust and pollen are all examples of the kinds of particles that the sensor can detect. LiDAR systems send out a signal which bounces off of particles carried by the wind and returns to the sensor. Sensors on the ground or on airplanes use Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology to measure the wind speed and direction. Wind speed can be measured remotely using instruments on the ground and mounted on airplanes or satellites. Remote sensing is a relatively new technology for measuring the wind speed. In many cases this means a model is necessary to determine the likely wind speed and direction at the desired height, given the measured values at the height of the buoy. ![]() Remember, industrial wind turbines are often 100 m tall. However, buoys do not have the same height as towers nor do they provide the same depth of information generally they are less than 12 m tall which means the data is limited to measuring surface conditions. Buoys are outfitted with the same kinds of instruments as met towers. Meteorological buoys are an alternative to met towers in water. They can also be outfitted with additional instruments to measure other local conditions such as temperature, pressure and water currents. Met towers collect very accurate information on wind direction, speed and turbulence. ![]() Towers are primarily used to determine the wind resource in an area as a precursor to constructing a wind power farm. Met towers are expensive to construct and operate: approximately $50 000/year for an on-land tower and several million dollars to construct towers offshore. The towers are generally between 50 m and 120 m high and are fitted with a variety of instruments, including anemometers and weather vanes, to measure the wind speed and direction. Meteorological (Met) towers are commonly used to measure wind speed and direction both on land and over water. ![]()
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